分类
表达自由 听闻 时代

别了,谷歌

引自新华网报道:

北京时间3月23日凌晨3时零3分,谷歌公司高级副总裁、首席法律官大卫·德拉蒙德公开发表声明,再次借黑客攻击问题指责中国,宣布停止对谷歌中国搜索服务的“过滤审查”,并将搜索服务由中国内地转至香港。

国务院新闻办公室网络局负责人今天凌晨就谷歌公司宣布停止按照中国法律规定的对有害信息过滤,将搜索服务由中国内地转至香港发表谈话。

这位负责人指出,外国公司在中国经营必须遵守中国法律。谷歌公司违背进入中国市场时作出的书面承诺,停止对搜索服务进行过滤,并就黑客攻击影射和指责中国,这是完全错误的。我们坚决反对将商业问题政治化,对谷歌公司的无理指责和做法表示不满和愤慨。

这位负责人说,1月12日谷歌公司在未事先与我政府有关部门通气的情况下,公开发表声明,声称受到了中国政府支持的黑客攻击,不愿在中国运营“受到审查的互联网搜索引擎”,并“考虑退出中国市场”。在谷歌公司一再请求下,为当面听取其真实想法,体现中方诚意,今年1月29日、2月25日中国政府有关部门负责人先后两次与谷歌公司负责人接谈,就其提出的问题作了耐心细致的解释,强调外国公司在中国经营应当遵循中国法律,如谷歌公司愿遵守中国法律,我们依然欢迎谷歌公司在中国经营和发展;如谷歌公司执意将谷歌中国网站的搜索服务撤走,那是谷歌公司自己的事情,但必须按照中国法律和国际惯例,负责任地做
好有关善后工作。

该负责人指出,中国政府鼓励互联网发展和普及,促进互联网对外开放。中国互联网上的交流和言论十分活跃,电子商务等发展迅速。事实证明,中国互联网的投资环境、发展环境是好的。中国将坚定不移地坚持对外开放的方针,欢迎外国企业参与中国互联网发展,并为外商到中国经营发展提供良好服务。中国互联网依然会保持快速发展的势头。

在这场风波中,我国政府动辄祭出的法宝是“按照中国法律规定”、“对有害信息过滤”,因此必须遵守。

但对此持反对意见的人则认为,中国的网络审查制度向来并不在法律框架内进行,而恰恰是泛政治化的、没有明确标准、不向社会民众公开的“审查机器”。这种以“暧昧”为特征的管理方式,使得在中国运营的互联网公司和媒体每天都战战兢兢如履薄冰,并可随时被用作各种目的的工具,因此有了“那些忧伤的年轻人”,因此越来越多的中国人在“高压线现象”的困扰下,从自己的内心就开始了自我审查——其标准也并非现行法律法规,而是要保持百分百的“政治正确”和“高度一致”。

清华一位教授在研究生面试中问及google退出事件,结果她发现90%的学生“看法相当一致。观点与新华社、外交部发言人的也高度一致”。

对此有两点解释。一是官方媒体影响力仍旧强大,不要以为你自己天天泡在网上、听到你的网友跟你观点相似,就觉得全国人民都跟你自己一样是“不明真相的群众”了。二是人们内心的自我审查机制已经很纯熟,也非常老于世故,大四的学生们在研究生面试遇到这样的题目,又摸不清各位考官的政治倾向和评判标准,先按照官媒观点答会比较安全。至于自己的真心话,又有什么必要大冒险地向不知底细的考官们透露呢?

分类
表达自由 新媒介

“法律法规和政策”

谷歌检索结果:

百度检索结果:

相关文章:
如是我闻:人民网微博出现用户“胡 锦涛”
如是我闻:名为“胡锦涛”的人民 微博已关闭

作为对比,在google.com上检索的结果:

分类
表达自由 新媒介 时代

如是我闻:谷歌要走了?

根据Google公司的David Drummond(SVP, Corporate Development and Chief Legal Officer)周二的一篇Blog文章

We launched Google.cn in January 2006 in the belief that the benefits of increased access to information for people in China and a more open Internet outweighed our discomfort in agreeing to censor some results. At the time we made clear that “we will carefully monitor conditions in China, including new laws and other restrictions on our services. If we determine that we are unable to achieve the objectives outlined we will not hesitate to reconsider our approach to China.”

These attacks and the surveillance they have uncovered–combined with the attempts over the past year to further limit free speech on the web–have led us to conclude that we should review the feasibility of our business operations in China. We have decided we are no longer willing to continue censoring our results on Google.cn, and so over the next few weeks we will be discussing with the Chinese government the basis on which we could operate an unfiltered search engine within the law, if at all. We recognize that this may well mean having to shut down Google.cn, and potentially our offices in China.

The decision to review our business operations in China has been incredibly hard, and we know that it will have potentially far-reaching consequences. We want to make clear that this move was driven by our executives in the United States, without the knowledge or involvement of our employees in China who have worked incredibly hard to make Google.cn the success it is today. We are committed to working responsibly to resolve the very difficult issues raised.

关于所遭受到的黑客攻击,Google是这么说的:

We have evidence to suggest that a primary goal of the attackers was accessing the Gmail accounts of Chinese human rights activists. Based on our investigation to date we believe their attack did not achieve that objective. Only two Gmail accounts appear to have been accessed, and that activity was limited to account information (such as the date the account was created) and subject line, rather than the content of emails themselves.

Google认为还有其他20家公司遭遇了攻击:

As part of our investigation we have discovered that at least twenty other large companies from a wide range of businesses–including the Internet, finance, technology, media and chemical sectors–have been similarly targeted. We are currently in the process of notifying those companies, and we are also working with the relevant U.S. authorities.

关于Google这次摊牌的后果,我跟Keso的看法类似,不认为接下来它与中国政府的商榷会形成所谓的“ an unfiltered search engine within the law”的基础。Keso说

我相信,Google的这份摊牌声明,也会被看做一种意识形态的花招,招致中国政府更大的愤怒。在未来的岁月中,我可能不得不费更大的力气去访问那些我已经无法离开的Google工具,这是我必须承受的后果。

我现在开始担忧我所用的gmail、google apps等服务了,其次还有google docs, readers及其他。个人的力量是如此渺小,在突如其来的变化之前,除了仓皇应对,可以做的又还有什么呢?

分类
表达自由 时代

什么也连不上

燥热的北京七月,打开电脑,facebook连不上,twitter连不上,饭否连不上。也没有什么多说的,只是写一句话,记录这些什么也连不上的日子,以及那句无比经典的“该看的就看,不该看的你就别看”。

分类
媒介|传播 时代

China Media Digest 0903 (week7)

TVCC of CCTV on fire

tvcc-of-cctv-on-fireThe northern building of the new CCTV complex was caught fire on Feb. 9, at around 8:00pm. The fire spread quickly and soon the entire structure was in flames.

The 44-storey building, about 200 meters from the iconic CCTV tower, houses the Television Culture Center (TVCC), the luxury Mandarin Oriental Hotel and an electronic data processing center.

According to Juliet Ye of WSJ, “people packed China’s online forums and blogs, uploaded pictures taken from the fiery scene and hit the streets to conduct their own reporting.” You can also find some collections in Danwei, or CNReviews, and “A Photo Play Of The CCTV Fire”, from ESWN. Click here to see the video filmed by BBC staffs.

The incident hasn’t been featured all that prominently on news portal front pages. An unproven guideline on the fire report was distributed online,

“All networks:

Regarding the “CCTV New North Side Building on Fire” report, all sites must use only the Xinhua news script. Do not post pictures, videos; do not report in depth; only post in Domestic (Chinese) news; close all posts and replies; do not put this as the “top topic”; do not place this in “Recommended Articles”.” — source: CNReviews.com

It turned out that CCTV itself is responsible for Monday’s massive fire (via China Daily). At the day after the fire, an office director at CCTV and 11 others have been detained by the Beijing police for questioning, according to state news agency Xinhua. Chinese continued to dissect the event online with a sardonic tilt. See EEO’s story about Chinese online reaction.

分类
媒介|传播 时代

China Media Digest 0902 (week5-6)

2008 China Internet Communication Report

Click to download the English version of the report The report is released by NetEase.com, Inc. (163.com,网易), one of the leading Internet technology companies in China, in January, 2009. The report includes an annual top-10 ranking of Internet Hot Figures, Internet Hot Key Words, Entertainment Stars, Sports Persons, Entrepreneurs, Hot Movies, Hot Music Singles, Hot TV series, Fund companies, and A-share listed companies. The report summarizes facts of maximum interest to Chinese netizens in these ten fields as well as highlights common features and the latest status of such information. According to the report,

Who determines the report result? There are about 200 million netizens in China who are active in the application of various NetEase Internet products. They come from different regions of China and are engaged in different industries, but every click or search they have done, and any words they have posted on the Internet, have contributed to this report.

How was the data analyzed? The data was analyzed by collecting original data from five system platforms of NetEase, i.e., NetEase Blog, NetEase BBS, Youdao Search Engine, Netease Channels, and NetEase Posts. Such data were then used for linear conversion and linear transformation by standard statistical methods without changing the data order or distribution form. This produced a normal status measure, called the Internet transmission index, for each respective collection item.

It’s really worth reading if you are interested in the culture of China society and Chinese cyberspace. Just click the links to download the English version and Chinese version. Other related links:

Film ratings system: news, fake news or “old news” ?

分类
表达自由 媒介|传播

赵月枝:北京奥运年的中国媒体审查与西方媒体对华报道

以下是加拿大西蒙弗雷泽大学赵月枝教授,在2008 IAMCR大会上作为key note speaker的发言中文梗概。原发言为英文,此处译文由Ohmymedia粗略译自CMO newsletter(2008年9月号,点击下载pdf文档)。由此以下的文字均为赵月枝教授观点:

Chinese Media Censorship and Western Media Reporting of China in the Year of the Beijing Olympics
Yuezhi Zhao, Simon Fraser University, Canada.

在今年的奥运报道中,中国的媒体审查成为西方媒体的焦点之一。中国媒体审查的存在是毋庸置疑的,但仍然需要问:谁从中国媒体审查中获益,谁才是真正的被审查目标?

在我看来,西方的“人权十字军”和外国记者们应该超越简单的“人民与党对立”的假想。事实上,中国的审查制度在过去30年间一直是党用来辅助“改革开放”的必要手段。被审查制度压制的声音,来自那些反对将国有企业出售给本土和外国投资者的中国工人;那些在血汗工厂工作,为外国资本家产出利润,为西方消费者提供廉价商品的中国工人;也来自中国的“老革命”们和新近涌现的“毛派”人士,他们指责党的“资本主义复辟”和臣服于西方帝国主义。

世人皆知,尽管1978年“民主墙运动”有助于邓小平复出掌权,但随后对新闻出版自由的压制成为其后三十年经济改革的先决条件。1980年小平掌权后,命令将“四大自由”——即人民有权“大鸣、大放、大辩论、大字报(speak out freely, air views freely, hold great debates, and write big-character posters)”——从中国宪法(1975年版本)中抹去。

并非是要为中国媒体审查制度辩护,但我确实觉得西方媒体看待中国媒体审查的方式应该超越道德说教与反共谴责。西方也需要在其政治经济精英阶层对中国的经济利益诉求,与民主与新闻出版自由在中国的推广之间,寻求平衡与协调。

这引出我第二个观点。尽管西方媒体以其新闻出版自由为傲,但对中国受众而言,西方媒体是西方政治经济体系的一部分,更直白地说,是西方文化优越性甚至文化霸权的代理人。中国受众,尤其是青年学子和自由派知识分子,对国内审查制度早有警惕与批判。他们不仅欣赏仰慕西方的媒体自由,甚至试图将西方媒体自由及其自称的“客观公正原则”理想化。因此当他们发现西方媒体报道中的偏见甚至是种族主义色彩时,其理想的幻灭也就很自然了。我认为西方媒体在2008年初对西藏事件及奥运火炬传递的报道,对西方媒体在中国的“去魅”(disenchantment)贡献良多。这对西方媒体赢取中国公众的心灵与头脑都毫无帮助。

考虑到西方媒体及其内在逻辑,公平地说,在西方世界中部分存在着持续增长的、对世界其他国家尤其是中国的崛起的恐惧与焦虑。在此语境下,西媒对华及奥运报道也一直在帮助西方世界接受这不得不妥协与接受的、变化中的全球权力关系的地缘政治学。深陷伊拉克战争的泥沼,全球金融、石油与食品市场的难以预测的三重危机,再加上美国长期以来对中国巨大外汇储备、对美贸易顺差、高储蓄率的担忧,看起来,“猛烈抨击中国”已经成为2008北京奥运开幕之前几个月最吸引观众的“体育运动”。

事实上,西方对华关系中本来存在根深蒂固的矛盾,西媒不过是在报道中将这矛盾具象化了。一方面,西方投资者被中国市场吸引恰恰是因为后者提供了被压制性的政治环境保障的廉价劳工与低环保标准;另一方面,各人权团体又坚持政治自由与公民权利应在中国优先被考虑。当然,大多数西方媒体本身就是大产业,它们的对华报道也被其商业利益和市场驱动的新闻导向所影响。

在当下更为强化的全球化形势下,问题越发复杂了。西方大学里日益增多的中国留学生,西方国家中不断增长的华人社群,海内外华人之间通过互联网及其他全球即时通讯手段越发增强的互动,都意味着西媒不能再对华人展示其种族偏见。西媒的对华报道将面临全球华人受众的批判性审视。当西媒开始谴责中国媒体审查制度时,与日俱增的全球华人受众的声音在要求西方媒体在对中国及中国人的再现中,实践其新闻自由的同时,也勿忘责任感,以及坚持其自称的公平原则。(全文完)